.jpg "Dayak chiefs.")
There is divide the Dayaks in clump the clumps six Klemantan aka Borneo, Iban clump, clump Apokayan the Dayak Kayan, Kenyah and Bahau, Murut clump, clump-Ngaju Ot Danum and clumps Punan. But scientifically, linguists see 5 groups of languages spoken on the island of Borneo, and each one has relatives outside the island of Borneo:
"Barito Raya (33 languages, including 11 languages of Madagascar language groups, and Sama-Bajau tribe stands including one with the name of the tribe Paser his own tribe.
"Land Dayak" (13 languages)
"North Borneo" (99 languages), including language in the Philippines and the Yakan tribe standing with his own tribe name of the tribe Tidung.
"South Sulawesi" spoken 3 inland Dayak in West Kalimantan: Dayak Park, Embaloh Dayak, Dayak Dayak Banuaka Kalis called clumps.
"Malayic" spoken: Dayak Meratus / Mount (aka Banjar arkhais), Dayak Iban (and Saq Senganan), Dayak Keninjal, Bamayoh Dayak (Dayak Malayic), Dayak Kendayan (Kanayatn). Some of mannered Malay tribes of Borneo origin associated with this clump as tribes, namely stand-alone Banjar tribe, tribe Kutai, Berau Tribe, Sambas Tribe, and the Tribe Kedayan.
Etymology.
Barito Dayak Muslim community that are recognized as tribes in the Barito river Bakumpai past.The term "Dayak" most commonly used to refer to the original non-Muslim, non-Malay who live on the island. This is especially true in Malaysia, because in Indonesia there are Dayak tribes are Muslim but still belong to the category called Dayak, although some of them with Tribe Tribe Banjar and Kutai. There are various explanations about the etymology of this term. According to Lindblad, Dayak word is derived from the power of the Kenyah language, which means upstream or inland river. King, further speculate that the Dayak probably also derived from the word aja, a Malay word meaning native or indigenous. He also believes that the word may derive from a term of Central Java language that means behavior that is not appropriate or is not in place.
The term for the native tribes near Sambas and Pontianak is Power (Kanayatn: the power = the ground), while in Banjarmasin called Biaju (bi = from; aju = upstream). Thus originally the term Power (the land) is intended for the natives of West Kalimantan clumps hereinafter called Dayak Bidayuh Land Dayak are distinguished by the Sea (clumps Iban). In Banjarmasin, the term Dayak started to be used in agreement with the Sultan of Banjar Dutch East Indies in 1826, to replace the term Biaju Large (Kahayan river area) and Small Biaju (the river Kapuas Joyless), each of which was changed to Dayak Dayak Large and Small, then by the Dutch colonial only two regions is then administratively called Land Dayak. Since the time that the term Dayak is also intended to Ngaju-Ot Danum clump or clumps Barito. Furthermore, the term "Dayak" is used to refer collectively extends to the native tribes of different local languages, especially non-Muslims or non-Malays. At the end of the 19th century (after the Peace tumbles Anoi) is used in the context of the term Dayak population colonial rulers who took over the sovereignty of the tribes living in the hinterlands of Borneo.
According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Section Assessment and Development Project Cultural Values in East Kalimantan, Dr. Kaderland August, a Dutch scientist, is the first person to use the term Dayak in the definition above in 1895.
The meaning of the word 'Dayak' itself is debatable. Commans (1987), for example, writes that according to some authors, 'Dayak' means man, while other authors claim that the word means inland. Commans said that the most proper sense is people who live in the upper reaches of the river. With the same name, Lahajir et al. reported that people use the term Dayak Iban with a human sense, while people Benuaq Alas and interpret it as a river upstream. They also stated that some people claim that the term Dayak refers to certain personal characteristics that are recognized by the people of Borneo, which is strong, brave, courageous and tenacious. Lahajir et al. noted that there are at least four terms to the original penuduk Borneo in the literature, namely Power ', Dyak, Power, and Dayak. The natives themselves are generally not familiar with these terms, but those outside the scope they were referred to them as 'Dayak'.
The origin.
In general, most of the population of the archipelago is the speakers. Currently dominant theory is proposed linguists such as Peter Bellwood and Blust, namely that the place of origin is Taiwan's Austronesian languages. Approximately 4000 years ago, a group of Austronesian people began migrating to the Philippines. Approximately 500 years later, there is a group who began migrating south to the islands of Indonesia now, and to the east towards the Pacific.
But this is not the first occupants Austronesian island. Between 60 000 and 70 000 years ago, when sea level 120 or 150 meters lower than today and the Indonesian island of land (geologists call this land "Sunda"), humans had migrated from Asia to the south and had reached the Australian continent who was not too far away from the mainland of Asia.
From the mountains that major rivers come over Borneo. It is estimated that, in the long span of time, they have spread down the river-stream to downstream and then inhabit the coast of the island of Borneo. It turned Tahtum tell Dayak Ngaju migration from the rivers perhuluan heading downstream rivers.
In the southern region of Kalimantan Dayak never build an empire. In the oral tradition of the Dayak in the area often referred to Nansarunai Usak Java, the kingdom of Dayak Maanyan Nansarunai destroyed by Majapahit, which is expected to occur between the years 1309-1389. The incident resulted Dayak Maanyan pressed and dispersed, partly into inland Dayak territory Lawangan. The next big flow occurs during the Islamic influence from the kingdom of Demak with the entry of Malay traders (circa 1520).
Most of the Dayak tribes in the south and east Kalimantan who embraced Islam out of the Dayak tribe and no longer recognizes him as the Dayaks, but calls himself the tribe or people of Banjar and Kutai. While the Dayak people who reject Islam back down the river, into the interior, settled in areas Tangi Wood, Amuntai, Margasari, Amandit Trunk, Trunk Trunk Labuan Amas and Balangan. Some are constantly pressed for entering the jungle. Muslims Dayaks are mostly located in South Kalimantan and partly Kotawaringin, one of the leaders of the famous Hindu Banjar is Gastric Mangkurat according to the Dayak is a Dayak (Ma'anyan or Ot Danum). In East Kalimantan, the Tribe Tonyoy-Benuaq who embraced Islam calls itself a tribe Kutai. Not only of the archipelago, other nations also came to Borneo. Chinese people began to come to Borneo recorded in the Ming Dynasty recorded in Book 323 History of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1643). Hanzi lettered manuscript mentioned that the city was first visited Banjarmasin and mentioned that a bloody Prince Sultan Hidayatullah Biaju be a substitute for the first. The visit to the Sultan Hidayatullah I and his successor, Sultan Mustain Billah. Hikayat Banjar preach visit but not settled by Chinese traders and European nations jung (called Walanda) in South Kalimantan has occurred during the Hindu kingdom of Banjar (XIV century). Chinese merchants began to settle in the city of Banjarmasin at a place near the beach in 1736.
The arrival of the Chinese in southern Borneo Dayak does not result in displacement of residents and do not have a direct effect because they only trade, especially with the kingdom of Banjar Banjarmasin. They are not directly berniaga the Dayaks. Remains of the Chinese nation is still kept by some Dayak tribes like malawen plates, pots (jars) and ceramic equipment.
Since the beginning of the V century, the Chinese nation has arrived in Borneo. In the XV century, the Yongle Emperor sent a large army to the south (including the archipelago) under the leadership of Zheng He, and returned to China in 1407, having previously stopped to Java, Borneo, Malacca, Manila and Solok. In 1750, Sultan Mempawah accept Chinese people (from Brunei) who were looking for gold. Chinese people are also carrying merchandise including opium, silk, glassware such as plates, cups, bowls and jars.
Sub-ethnic division.
Distribution of the Dayak tribes in Borneo.
Due to the strong migration flows from the newcomers, who still retain Dayak indigenous culture eventually chose to go into the interior. As a result, the Dayak became scattered and become its own sub-sub ethnicities.
Dayak groups, divided into sub-sub-tribe of approximately 405 sub numbers (according to Lontaan JU, 1975). Each sub tribe Dayak in Borneo have customs and cultures are similar, refer to the sociology of community service and differences in customs, culture, or language typical. Past society which is now called the Dayak tribe, inhabiting the coastal areas and rivers in each of their settlements.
Dayak Borneo according to an anthropology JU Lontaan, 1975 in book Customary Law and Customs of West Kalimantan, consists of 6 major tribes and 405 sub-tribe of small, which spread throughout the province.
Dayak today.
Kanayatn Dayak traditions.
Today Dayak tribes are divided into six large clumps, namely: Apokayan (Kenyah-Kayan-Bahau), Ot Danum-Ngaju, Iban, Murut, Klemantan and Punan. Clumps Dayak Dayak Punan is the oldest inhabited the island of Borneo, Dayak clumps while others are the result of assimilation between the clumps and groups of Dayak Poenans Proto Malay (Dayak ancestors who came from Yunnan). Sixth clump was subdivided into approximately 405 sub-ethnic. Although divided into hundreds of sub-ethnic groups, all ethnic Dayak have a common cultural traits typical. These characteristics be the deciding factor whether a subsuku in Borneo can be incorporated into the Dayak groups or not. These characteristics are the long house, the result of material culture such as pottery, saber, chopsticks, beliong (ax Dayak), views of nature, livelihood (farming system), and the art of dance. Ot Danum Dayak village clump-Ngaju usually called Lewu / Lebu and the other Dayak often called banua / continent / binua / benuo. In sub-districts in Kalimantan Dayak territory which is headed by a Chief who led the Indigenous Dayak one or two different.
Prof. Lambut of the University of Gastric Mangkurat, (Ngaju Dayak) rejected the notion derived from the Dayak tribe of origin, but only a collective designation of various ethnic elements, according to the "racial", the Dayak people can be grouped into:
Dayak Mongoloid,
Malayunoid,
Autrolo-Melanosoid,
Dayak Heteronoid.
However, in the international scientific world, terms like "race Australoid", "Mongoloid races and in general" race "is no longer considered to be meaningful for the classification of humans because of the complex factors that make the existence of human groups.
Burial traditions.
Crate buried in Kutai. The photo is a photo Benuaq grave in Kutai. Crate in question is Selokng (placed in Garai). This is a primary burial - where the body through the Ceremony / Ritual Kenyauw. While the door (visible piece) is Tempelaq which is where the bones of the dead through the Ceremony / Ritual Kwangkay.
The tradition of burial and ceremonial death in Dayak tribes set firmly in customary law. Diverse burial system in line with the long history of human arrival in Borneo. Historically there are three burial culture in Borneo:
burial without a container and without provisions, with skeleton folded position.
burial in a stone coffin (dolmen)
burial with container wood, bamboo, or woven mats. This is the last burial system develops.
According to tradition Benuaq both places and burial forms are distinguished:
container (crate) corpse -> not a coffin: Lungun, selokng and box
bone-container beluang: tempelaaq (Poster 2) and kererekng (Poster 1) as well as jars.
based on the placement of the container (cemetery) Benuaq Tribe:
lubekng (where Lungun)
Garai (Lungun place, selokang)
gur (Lungun)
tempelaaq and kererekng
In general, there are two stages of burial:
burial of the first stage (primary)
burial of the second stage (secondary).
Primary burial.
Parepm Fire (Benuaq)
Kenyauw (Benuaq)
Secondary burial.
Secondary burials are no longer conducted in a cave. In the upper Bahau River and its branches in the District Pujungan, Malinau, East Kalimantan, found many graves jars which are relics of megalithic dolmen. Recent developments, using coffin burial (Lungun) were placed on top of a pole or in a small building with a position in the direction of the sunrise.
The Dayaks Ngaju burial recognize three ways, namely:
buried in the soil
placed in a large tree
cremated in a ceremony Tiwah.
Secondary burial procession.
Tiwah is a secondary burial procession on Kaharingan adherents, as a symbol of the release of the spirits towards Lewu tatau (permanence of nature) conducted a year or several years after the first burial in the ground.
Ijambe is a secondary burial procession on Dayak Maanyan. Rawhide is burned to ashes and placed in a container.
Marabia
Mambatur (Dayak Maanyan)
Kwangkai / Wara (Benuaq)
Religion.
Society Ngaju clumps and clumps Dayak Dayak Ot Danum ancestral religion that is named by Tjilik Riwut as Kaharingan religion that has a typical of burning the bones in the burial ritual. While the original clump Dayak religion does not recognize Banuaka bone burning corpse. Even the Dayak ancestral religion in South Kalimantan Meratus more stressed in life mainly ceremonial rituals / rites agriculture and harvest feast which is often named as Balian religion.
Religions indigenous Dayak tribes now more and more abandoned. Since the first century AD, Hinduism began to enter the Great Temple of Borneo with the discovery of a relic of Hindu religion in Amuntai, South Kalimantan, then stood kingdoms Hindu-Buddhist. Since the 4th century Borneo society entered the era of history marked by the discovery of inscriptions relics of the Hindu Kingdom of Kutai in East Kalimantan.
The discovery of Buddha statues which are relics of the ancient kingdom of Brunei Darussalam, the Kingdom Sribangun (The City Build, aquatic mammal) [56] and the Kingdom Wijayapura. This shows the influence of the rise of Hindu-Buddhist religious law and cultural assimilation with India that marks the emergence of the first multi-ethnic society in Borneo.
Sandai Tombstone discovery shows the spread of Islam in Kalimantan since the 7th century reached its peak in the early 16th century, society kingdoms converted to Hindu-Muslims which marks the extinction of Hinduism and Buddhism in Borneo. Since it began emerging customary law and Banjar Malay majority is influenced by the Islamic religious law (such as food culture, cultural dress, culture purification), but generally the Dayaks in the hinterland remained true to the traditional law / trust Kaharingan.
Most of the Dayak people who previously chose Christianity religion Kaharingan now, but less than 10% is still maintain Kaharingan religion. Kaharingan religion itself has been incorporated into the Hindu religious groups (read: Hindu Bali) that gets called Hinduism Kaharingan. But there is also a small part of the Dayak people are now converting their religion from religion Kaharingan into Buddhism (Buddha Chinese version), which at first appears because of the marriage between tribes with ethnic Chinese Buddhists, then further propagated by the Monk widespread among the Dayak community, for example there the Dayak people who live in Halong districts in South Kalimantan.
In West Kalimantan, claimed Christianity as the religion of the Dayaks (so that the Muslim West Kalimantan Dayak Dayak Customary Council was forced to form a separate Muslim), but this is not true in other provinces because too many Dayaks who converted to Islam but still called himself a Dayak.
In the area of the township-village Dayak religion still valid Kaharingan Dayak customary law. Coastal areas in Borneo and the centers of the Islamic empire, its people subject to customary law Banjar / Malay as Banjarese, Malay-Senganan, Kedayan, Bakumpai, Kutai, Paser, Berau, Tidung, and Bulungan. Even in the area of the township-village is very old Dayak who has been in a strong influence of Christianity may not apply customary law Dayak / Kaharingan. In the colonial period, the Bumiputera Christians and Christian Dayaks in urban equated with the European position and subject to the law of the European group. Later the spread of Christianity was able to reach areas Dayak located very far inland that Christianity embraced by almost all residents inland and claimed to be the religion of the Dayaks.
If we look at the history of the island of Borneo from scratch. The people of Srivijaya, the first Malay migration to Borneo. Hanafi Muslim Hui ethnic Chinese settled in Sambas since 1407, due to the Ming Dynasty, airports Sambas became a transit port in the travel lane of Champa to Maynila, Kiu Kieng (Palembang) and to Majapahit. Many officials of the Ming Dynasty is the Hui Muslims who have knowledge of foreign languages such as Arabic. Reports of Chinese merchants in the Ming Dynasty who visited Banjarmasin in the early 16th century they were very worried about the cutting action is done head Biaju people when traders were asleep on board. Christian clergy and the European explorers who settled not have come in Kalimantan in the 14th century and increasingly prominent in the early 17th century with the arrival of European traders. Efforts to spread Christianity always fail, because basically at that time the Dayak community to uphold ancestral beliefs (Kaharingan) and suspicious of strangers, strangers often killed. Coastal residents are also very sensitive to strangers for fear of pirate attacks and foreign kingdom from outside the island who want to colonize them. The destruction of the palace in Kuin Banjar in 1612 by the Dutch VOC and Mataram attacks on Sukadana in 1622 and the potential influence of Makassar attack kingdoms in Borneo. Around the year 1787, the Netherlands received a majority of the Sultanate of Banjar Kalimantan and Banten. Approximately 1835 Christian missionaries then began to indulge freely in areas adjacent to the Netherlands East Indies with the state of the Sultanate of Banjar. On June 26, 1835, Barnstein, the first evangelist arrived in Borneo Banjarmasin and began to spread Christianity to the hinterland of Central Kalimantan. Dutch local government even hinder missionary efforts.
Conflict.
Involvement.
Dayak (a collective term for the indigenous people of Borneo) have experienced an increase in inter-ethnic conflict. In early 1997 and later in 1999, the brutal clashes between Dayaks and Madurese in West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. The culmination of this occurred in the Sampit conflict in 2001 These conflicts may then become a topic of discussion in the newspapers in Indonesia. Throughout the conflict in 1997, a large number of residents (both Dayak and Madurese) died. Appearing various official estimates on the death toll, ranging from 300 to 4,000 people according to independent sources. In 1999, the Dayaks, along with groups of Malay and Chinese combat Madurese migrants; 114 people were killed. According to a Dayak community leaders, the recent conflict was initially not among the Dayaks and Madurese, but between the Malays and Madurese. Despite the fact that there are only a few Dayaks are involved, but the mass media exaggerate Dayak involvement. Partly because the Malays were involved using symbols Dayak culture during the riots.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.dynastyc.blogspot.com/2014/10/dayak.html
DatePublished: October 13, 2014 at 15:34
Tag : Dayak. 