Did you know Bugis.

Bugis an ethnic group with origins in South Sulawesi region. Primary identifier of this ethnic group is the language and customs, so that the Malay and Minangkabau settlers who migrated to Sulawesi since the 15th century as administrative staff and traders in Gowa and been acculturated, also categorized as the Bugis. Based on the Indonesian population census of 2000, the population of the Bugis by approximately six million people. Now the Bugis people also spread in various provinces of Indonesia, such as Southeast Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, Papua, East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan. The Bugis are also many who migrated to foreign countries.

History.

Beginning.

Bugis is a tribe belonging to the Deutero Malay tribes. Go to the archipelago after the first wave of migration from mainland Asia rather Yunan. The word "Bugis" is derived from the Ugi, which means the Bugis. Naming "Ugi" refers to the first king of the Chinese empire contained in Pammana, Wajo today, namely La Sattumpugi. When the people of La Sattumpugi calling itself, then they refer to their king. They called him as Ugi or people or followers of La Sattumpugi. He is the father of Sattumpugi We Cudai and siblings with Batara Lattu, father of Sawerigading. Sawerigading itself is the husband of We Cudai and gave birth to several children, including La Galigo that make the greatest literature in the world with approximately 9,000 folio pages. Sawerigading Opunna Ware (lordship in Ware) is a story set in the literature I La Galigo in Bugis society tradition. Acts Sawerigading also known in the local tradition Luwuk, Kaili, Gorontalo and some other traditions such Sulawesi Buton.

Developments.

During its development, the community is growing and forming several kingdoms. This community then develop the culture, language, literacy, and their own government. Some classic Bugis kingdom among others Luwu, Bone, Wajo, Soppeng, Suppa, Sawitto, Sidenreng and Rappang. Although the spread and form Bugis, but the marriage caused by blood ties and Mandar Makassar. Currently Bugis people scattered in several districts namely Luwu, Bone, Wajo, Soppeng, Sidrap, Pinrang, Barru. The transition between the Bugis Makassar is Bulukumba, Sinjai, Maros, Pangkajene Islands. Bugis transition area with Mandar is policing and Pinrang District. Luwu Kingdom is considered the oldest kingdoms along the Chinese empire (which later became Pammana), Mario (later to become part Soppeng) and afternoon (local in Pangkajene Islands)

Royal past.

Bone kingdom.

In the area Bone chaos for seven generations, which then appears a known Manurutng To Manurungnge ri Matajang. Seven small kings swore Manurungnge ri Matajang as their king and their Arumpone name into the legislative body known as ade pitue. Manurungnge ri Matajang also known as Mata Silompoe. The ade 'pitue consists of matoa ta, matoa tibojong, matoa Tanete Riattang, matoa Tanete riawang, matoa macege, matoa ponceng. matoa term later became whitewater. after Manurungnge ri Matajang, Bone kingdom led by his son, namely La Ummasa 'Petta Panre Bessie. Then nephew La Ummasa 'son of his sister who married the king Palakka born La Saliyu Kerrempelua. during Arumpone (the title of king of bone) of this third, Bone massively expand its territory to the north, south and west

Makassar Kingdom.

In the 12th century, 13, and 14 stand kingdom of Gowa, Soppeng, Bone, and Wajo, which begins with a social crisis, where people eat each other like fish. Kingdom of Makassar (Gowa) later founded the kingdom companion, the kingdom Tallo. But in the development of this twin kingdoms (Gowa and Tallo) back coalesce into kingdoms Makassar (Gowa).

Soppeng Kingdom.

In times of turmoil, in Soppeng appeared two people To Manurutng. First, a woman known by the name Manurungnge Goarie ri ri who then ruled Soppeng Aja. and second, a man named La Temmamala Manurungnge Sekkanyili ri ri Soppeng ruling in Lau. Finally, these two kingdoms into a Kingdom of Soppeng twins.

Wajo Kingdom.

While royal Wajo come from the communes of different directions that gathered around the lake Lampulungeng led by a person who has a supernatural ability called puangnge ri lampulung. After the death of him, the move to Boli commune led by someone who also has a supernatural ability. Lapaukke arrival of a prince of the kingdom of China (Pammana) some time later, and then build the kingdom Cinnotabbi. For five generations, this empire broke up and formed Wajo Kingdom. Kingdom of the pre-Wajo Cinnongtabi led by each: La Paukke White Cinnotabi I, II Cinnotabi We Panangngareng Whitewater, Whitewater Tenrisui We Cinnotabi III, La Patiroi White Cinnotabi IV. thereafter, two sons served as well as rafting Cinnotabi V, namely La Tenribali and La Tenritippe. After experiencing a crisis, the remnants of royal officials and citizens agree Cinnotabi chose La Tenribali as their king and established a new kingdom that Wajo. As for the king holds Batara Wajo.
Wajo led by, La Tenribali Batara Wajo I (former whitewater cinnotabi V), then La Mataesso Batara Wajo II and La Pateddungi Batara Wajo III. At the time, there was a crisis even Batara Wajo III was killed. power vacuum led to the birth of La Paddeppa agreement containing rights Wajo independence. thereafter, the title of king Wajo no longer Batara Wajo but White Matowa Wajo to any of the Unitary Republic of Indonesiaarm

Conflicts between kingdoms.

In the 15th century when the kingdom of Gowa and Bone began to strengthen, and Soppeng and Wajo began to appear, then there is a conflict in the border controls between the political and economic domination of the kingdom. Bone kingdom expands to meet the region Gowa in Bulukumba. Meanwhile, in the north, Bone met Luwu Walennae River. Medium Wajo also slowly expanding area. While Soppeng expand westward until at Barru. War between Luwu and Bone won by Bone and seize the royal umbrella Luwu then unite their kingdoms. Walennae River is the economic path of Tempe Lake and Lake Sidenreng to the Bone Bay. To maintain its position, Luwu build alliances with Wajo, by attacking several areas of Bone and Sidenreng. Next region Luwu increasingly shifted to the north and controlled Wajo through conquest or merger. Wajo then rub with Bone. Invasion of Gowa then grab some areas of Bone and conquer Wajo and Soppeng. To confront the hegemony of Gowa, the Royal Bone, Wajo and Soppeng make alliance called "tellumpoccoe".

The spread of Islam.

At the beginning of the 17th century, came to Islam from Minangkabau announcer on the orders of Sultan Iskandar Muda. They are Abdul Makmur (Datuk ri Bandang) Gowa and Tallo who circumcise, Suleiman (Datuk Patimang) spread Islam in Luwu, and Nurdin Ariyani (Datuk ri Tiro) were broadcast Islam in Bulukumba.

Dutch colonialism.

Mid 17th century, there was keen competition between Gowa with VOC to occur several times a battle. While Arumpone detained in Gowa and result in resistance led La Tenri Tatta Whitewater Palakka Attack Daeng. Whitewater Palakka supported by Turatea, small Makassar traitors to the crown in the kingdom of Gowa. While Sultan Hasanuddin supported by law La Tenri Lai Tosengngeng White Matowa Wajo, Maradia Mandar, and Datu Luwu. Fierce war resulted in many casualties Gowa and its allies. This defeat led to the signing of the adverse Bongaya kingdom of Gowa. Lapatau marriage with the daughter of Datu Luwu, Datu Soppeng, and Gowa Somba is a process of reconciliation of the conflict in South Sulawesi peninsula. After the great war adalagi not until later in the year 1905-1906 after Sultan Husayn Karaeng resistance Lembang Parang and La Pawawoi Karaeng Segeri Arumpone extinguished, then the new Bugis Makassar society can truly conquered the Netherlands. Empty local leadership resulted in the Netherlands published Korte Veklaring, ie short agreement on the appointment of the king as the recovery of the kingdom which was vacant after the conquest. Kingdom no longer sovereign, but merely an extension of the powers of the Dutch East Indies colonial government, until then appeared Japan shifted the Netherlands until the founding of the Republic of Indonesia.

Independence period.

The kings of the archipelago got the insistence by the Old Order (Soekarno) to dissolve their kingdom and immerse themselves in a container Homeland. In 1950-1960s, South Sulawesi, Indonesia particularly preoccupied with the insurgency. This rebellion resulted in many people Bugis left his hometown. In the New Order era, the cultural periphery such as culture in Sulawesi completely marginalized thus eroding. Now the younger generation and Bugis Makassar is a generation who eat more material culture as a result of modernization, loss of identity as a result of the education pattern of the New Order that marginalize their culture. Along with the current reforms, comes the expansion discourse. Mandar area forming the new province of West Sulawesi. Luwu split three two-level areas. While many districts and villages / village also bloomed. Unfortunately, the soil is not expanded, even more narrow due to increasing population and transmigration.

Livelihoods.

Because the Bugis community spread over lush lowland and coastal areas, the majority of the Bugis people living as farmers and fishermen. Other livelihood interest Bugis people are traders. In addition, the Bugis people also fill government bureaucracy and pursue the field of education.

Pirates.

Since Bongaya agreement that led to the fall into the hands of the Dutch colonial Makassar, Bugis people regarded as an ally of the Dutch government free based in Batavia. Services provided by White Palakka, a Bugis from Bone to the Dutch government, led to obtaining greater freedom of movement to the Bugis community. However, this freedom to be misused Bugis pirates disrupt trade lane eastern archipelago.
Bugis pirates fleet spread throughout the Indonesian archipelago. They are entrenched near Samarinda and help sultans on the west coast of Borneo in their internal wars. Pirates have infiltrated the Sultanate of Johor and Malacca threaten Dutch fort.

Mercenaries.

Aside from being a pirate, because the soul wander and loyalty to friendship famous Bugis people as mercenaries. The Bugis before the open conflict with their Dutch one Dutch soldiers loyal. They helped the Netherlands, ie, when the chase Trunojoyo in East Java, conquest inland Minangkabau against Padri forces, as well as helping the people of Europe as against Ayuthaya in Thailand. The Bugis are also involved in a power struggle and become mercenaries Sultanate of Johor , when a power struggle against the rover Minangkabau leaders Small King.

Bugis overseas.

Bugis expertise in sailing the ocean is quite well known, and they were up to the overseas territories of Malaysia, the Philippines, Brunei, Thailand, Australia, Madagascar and South Africa. In fact, in the suburbs of Cape Town, South Africa there is a suburb named Maccassar, as a sign of the locals remember the native land of their ancestors.

Cause wander.

The conflict between the kingdoms of Bugis and Makassar and conflict among the Bugis kingdom in the 16th century, 17, 18 and 19, cause not calm area of South Sulawesi. This causes many people to migrate Bugis especially in coastal areas. In addition, culture is also driven by the desire to migrate to freedom. Happiness in Bugis tradition can only be achieved through freedom.

Bugis in East Kalimantan.

Most people Bugis Wajo of the kingdom of Gowa who do not submit and adhere to the content Bongaja agreement, they still continue the struggle and guerrilla resistance against the Dutch and some are moved to other islands of them have migrated to the area Kutai, namely the group led by Lamohang Daeng Mangkona (Pua Ado first degree). The arrival of the Bugis Wajo of Gowa was well received by the Sultan of Kutai.
Above agreements and treaties, by Raja Kutai the group given location around the village take the floor, a low-lying areas that are good for the business of Agriculture, Fisheries and Trade. In accordance with the agreement that the Bugis Wajo should help all interests Raja Kutai, especially in the face of the enemy.
All the group chose the area around the mouth of Coral Mumus (Selili area opposite) but the area is causing difficulty in shipping due to the play areas that have current (berulak) with a lot of dirt river. In addition to the background of mountains (Mount Selili).
Bugis in Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia [edit | edit source]
Having mastered the kingdom of Gowa by VOC in the mid 17th century, many immigrants Malay and Minangkabau positions in the kingdom of Gowa alongside other Bugis people, participating leave Sulawesi towards kingdoms in the Malay world. Here they are involved in political struggles Malay kingdoms. Until now many kings in Johor & selangor who is a descendant of Luwu. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.dynastyc.blogspot.com/2014/11/did-you-know-bugis.html
DatePublished: November 24, 2014 at 17:56

Tag : Did you know Bugis.

Sawai tribe.

Sawai Tribe, is one of the tribes that were in Central Halmahera district of North Maluku province, in the district of North Vedas, who lived in the village Lelilef Woi Month, Sagea village, village Gemaf, Sawai Lelilef village, village of Kobe, village Sidanga, vedic village, village Fritu, Wale villages, villages and village Messa Dote. Sawai tribal population estimated at no more than 10,000 people.

Sawai tribal house is usually made of wooden planks and sago leaf thatch. Sawai tribal settlement is very simple, is somewhat remote, and it did not get the attention of the local government. Even tribal land area Sawai

threatened by large companies engaged in the mining of nickel, which has been pegged the thousands of hectares of land in the village Lelilef Woi Moon, Sagea and Gemaf village. Tree saws (Chainshaw) cut down the trees that had been planted by Sawai tribal communities over the years, such as coconut, nutmeg, and cloves, until bananas, cassava, and sweet potatoes. Bulldozers and trucks transporting dredge and red soil containing nickel.

For tribal society Sawai, the threat of waste from large companies also override tourist sites in the village of Lake Lagaelol Sagea. Brackish water lake that keep fish, crabs, and several other fish species that can be a source of sustenance of society if the tide is coming season, usually for three months.

The presence of large companies is very threatening Sawai tribal life. This needs to get the attention of local or central government. If this is allowed then Sawai tribe will lose a settlement, even loss of livelihood of forest products and seafood.

It is not known whether the Sawai tribal communities still have their native language, because the current rate Sawai communicate in Malay North Maluku, North Maluku which mana.bahasa Malay has become the language of instruction in almost all areas of North Maluku province. According to them, they have a former native language which they refer to as language Sawai, probably only live people who have elderly parents who are still mastering the language Sawai. While Malay North Maluku, estimated taken by people from the Sultanate of Ternate, which in the past had controlled their territory is.

Sawai tribes including rare in the world, and have local knowledge fagogoru as the embodiment of love, friendship, as well as the culture of shame and immoral. For that, they will over backwards trying not to violence in protest against the presence of a nickel mine, unless there was no longer any other way.

Sawai tribal communities largely embraced Christianity, and some are converts to Islam. Although formerly they were followers of traditional religions such as animism and dynamism, but since the arrival of missionaries from the Dutch, who introduced Christianity into public life Sawai tribe which basically followers of animism and dynamism, accept Christianity with good presence in their circles, fraction of they still retain their traditional religion. While Islam spread by the people of the Sultanate of Ternate.

Sawai tribal community is very friendly towards anyone they also received with open everyone who stopped by and stop in their village.

Almost the entire community Sawai tribe living as a farmer. Coconut and nutmeg into a mainstay of their livelihood. In addition, they also went to sea to catch fish in the waters of the village and village Lelilef Woi Month Kobe.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.dynastyc.blogspot.com/2014/11/sawai-tribe.html
DatePublished: November 24, 2014 at 17:17

Tag : Sawai tribe.

About Baduy.

People Kanekes or Bedouins are a group of indigenous peoples in the region Sundanese Lebak, Banten. The term "Bedouin" is the name given by the colonists to the community, the term originated from the Dutch researchers who seem to equate them with the Arab group Badawi is a society on the move (nomadic). Another possibility is due to the river and Mount Bedouin Bedouin in the northern part of the region. They themselves prefer to call themselves as urang Kanekes or "Baduy people" according to the name of their territory, or term that refers to the name of their village as Urang Cibeo.

Region.

Baduy territory is geographically located at the coordinates 6 ° 27'27 "- 6 ° 30'0" S and 108 ° 3'9 "- 106 ° 4'55" BT. They live right at the foot of the mountains in the village Kendeng Kanekes, District Leuwidamar, Lebak regency-Rangkasbitung, Banten, is about 40 km from the city Gecko. Region which is part of Kendeng Mountains with an altitude 300-600 m above sea level (DPL) that has a hilly and undulating topography with an average slope reaches 45%, which is a volcanic soil (in the north), soil sediment (in the middle), and soil mixture (in the south). average temperature of 20 ° C.

Language.

The language they use is Sundanese dialect of Sundanese-Banten. To

communicate with the outside of their population using the Indonesian fluently, although they did not get the knowledge of the school. Baduy people 'in' do not know the culture of writing, so customs, beliefs / religion, and stories ancestors stored only in oral speech alone.

Origins.

According to the belief that they profess, Baduy people claimed descent from Batara Ancestor, one of the seven gods or god who was sent to earth. The origin is often attributed to the Prophet Adam as the first ancestor. According to their belief, Adam and his descendants, including Kanekes citizens have duty ascetic or ascetic (mandita) to maintain the harmony of the world.

Opinions on the origin of the different Kanekes with the opinion of historians, who based his opinion by synthesis of some historical evidence in the form of inscriptions, travelogues Portuguese and Chinese sailors, as well as the folklore of 'Orchestra' which is quite minimal existence. Baduy community associated with Sundanese kingdom before its collapse in the 16th century centered on Pakuan Padjadjaran (around Bogor now). Before the establishment of the Sultanate of Banten, the western tip of Java island region is an important part of the Kingdom of Sunda. Banten is a fairly large trading port. Ciujung river navigable various types of boats, and crowded used for the transport of crops from the interior. Thus the ruler of the area, which is referred to as the Prince Shoots General considers that the preservation of the river should be maintained. For that commanded an army of highly trained kingdom to maintain and manage the heavily wooded and hilly area in the region of Mount Kendeng. The existence of forces with the special duty seemed to be the forerunner of Baduy who still inhabit the upper reaches of the river in Mount Kendeng Ciujung. The difference of opinion led to the supposition that in the past, their historical identity and accidentally closed, which is probably the Bedouin community to protect itself from attack enemies Padjadjaran.

Van Tricht, a doctor who had conducted medical research in 1928, refuting the theory. According to him, the Bedouin are the indigenous people of the area who have a strong repulsion against outside influences. Bedouins themselves also refused to say that they are from people escape from Padjadjaran, the capital of the Kingdom of Sunda. Bedouins are locals who made mandala '(sacred area) formally by the king, because the population is obliged to maintain kabuyutan (place of worship ancestor or ancestors), not Hindu or Buddhist. Principal in this area known as Sunda Teak kabuyutan or 'Sunda Original' or Sunda Wiwitan (wiwitan = native, origin, principal, teak). Hence their original religion was named Sunda Wiwitan. The king who makes Baduy area as a mandala is Rakeyan Darmasiksa.

There is another version of history Baduy tribe, began when Kian Santang son of King Siliwangi home of arabia after berislam in the hands of Sayyidina Ali. The son wants to Islamize the prabu and his followers. At the end of the story, with 'DI Siliwangi' received the prabu, they objected to Islam, and spread across the Sunda to remain in his conviction. And King Siliwangi pursued up to the swampy area (Baduy now), and holed up abandoned. Then the prabu in Baduy area is renamed with a new title King Kencana Wungu, which may be the title has been changed again. And in Baduy's inside prabu Siliwangi reigns with 40 loyal followers, until there will be civil war between them and us is represented by ki Saih a human form but the whole body and face covered by feathers laiknya monyet.dan this Saih ki presence in we are at the request of the trustees to God to win the truth.

Trust.

Public confidence Kanekes known as Sunda Wiwitan rooted in the worship of ancestral spirits (animism) which on further developments are also influenced by Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam. The essence of trust is shown by an absolute pikukuh or customary provisions adopted in the daily lives of people Kanekes. The most important contents of the 'pikukuh' (compliance) Kanekes is the concept of "without any changes", or change as little as possible:

Lojor heunteu beunang cut, short heunteu beunang spliced.
(Length can not / should not be cut short, can not / should not be connected)

Taboo in everyday life are interpreted literally. In agriculture, the pikukuh form is by not changing the contour of the land for fields, so how berladangnya very simple, do not cultivate the land with a plow, no terracing, planting only in Portugal, which is a piece of sharpened bamboo. At home construction also contour the ground surface is left as it is, so the house Kanekes poles are often not the same length. Words and actions they were honest, plain, without further ado, even in the trade they do not bargain.

Objects trust is important for the community Kanekes Arca Domas, whose location is kept secret and is considered the most sacred. Baduy people visit the site for worship once a year in Kalima, which in 2003 coincided with the month of July. Only puun which is the highest traditional leaders and some selected community members who follow the cult group. In the complex there Arca Domas stone mortar that holds rainwater. If at the time found a stone mortar worship exists in a state full of clear water, then for the people Kanekes it is a sign that the rain of the year will be a lot of down, and the harvest will be good. Conversely, if a stone mortar dry or watery turbid, it is a sign of crop failure.

For some people, associated with firmness society, indigenous beliefs held Kanekes reflect religious beliefs Sundanese people in general before the advent of Islam.

Baduy community groups.

Baduy community are generally divided into three groups: tangtu, panamping, and Dangka (Permana, 2001). Tangtu group is a group known as the Inner Baduy, most strictly follow the traditional, ie people living in three villages: Cibeo, Cikartawana, and Cikeusik). Characteristic of Inner Baduy people are naturally white colored clothing and dark blue and wearing a white headband. Panamping community groups are those known as the Outer Baduy, who lived in different villages scattered around the area Baduy Dalam, such Cikadu, Kaduketuk, Kadukolot, Gajeboh, Cisagu, and so forth. Outer Baduy community distinctively dressed and black headband. If Baduy Dalam and Outer Baduy live in the area Baduy, the "Bedouin Dangka" living outside the region Kanekes, and at this time a 2 remaining villages, namely Padawaras (Cibengkung) and Sirahdayeuh (Cihandam). Dangka village serves as a kind of buffer zone on outside influences.

Government Structure.

Baduy community recognizes two systems of government, the national system, which follows the rules of the Republic of Indonesia, and custom systems that are believed to follow the customs of society. Both systems are combined or in acculturation-right in a way that does not occur clash. Nationally population Kanekes led by the village head called Jaro Pamarentah, which is under the district head, while customarily subject to customary leaders Kanekes highest, namely "puun".
Highest indigenous leader in Baduy community is "puun" in three villages tangtu. The position lasts for generations, but not necessarily from father to son, but also other relatives. Term of office puun not specified, only based on the ability of a person holding the position.

Implementing everyday customs administration kapuunan, implemented by Jaro, which is divided into four positions, namely tangtu Jaro, Jaro Dangka, Jaro dependents, and Jaro Pamarentah. Jaro tangtu responsible for the implementation of customary law on citizens tangtu and various other matters. Jaro Dangka charge of guarding, administer, and maintain deposit ancestral land that is within and outside Kanekes. Jaro Dangka amounted to 9 people, which when coupled with 3 people Jaro tangtu called Jaro twelve. Leaders of these twelve Jaro called Jaro dependents. The Jaro Pamarentah customarily served as a liaison between indigenous peoples Kanekes with the national government, which assisted in his duties by pangiwa, strip, and kokolot overtime or village elders.

Livelihood.

As has been the case for hundreds of years, the main livelihood is farming rice Baduy community huma. In addition they also get extra income from selling fruits that they get in the woods like durian and Keranji acid, as well as wild honey.

Interaction With Outer Baduy community.

Kanekes society hitherto strictly follow the customs is not an isolated community, isolated, or community that is isolated from the outside world development. Establishment of the Sultanate of Banten which automatically insert Kanekes into his territory was not separated from their consciousness. As a sign of compliance / admission to the ruler, Baduy community routinely carry out seba to the Sultanate of Banten. Until now, the seba ceremony continues held once a year, in the form of deliver crops (rice, fruits) to the Governor of Banten (prior to the Governor of West Java), through the regent of Lebak regency. In agriculture, Outer Baduy people interact closely with the outside community, for example in the lease of land, and labor.

Trade sometime in the past carried out barter, it is now using ordinary rupiah currency. Baduy people sell fruits, honey, and sugar kawung / palm through middlemen. They also buy the necessities of life are not produced in the market. The market for the Kanekes located outside the region such as market Kanekes Tract, Cibengkung, and Ciboleger.

At this time the outsiders who visit the region Kanekes increasing up to hundreds of people per visits, usually a teenager from the school, students, and other adult visitors. They receive the visitors, even to stay one night, with the proviso that visitors comply with customs prevailing there. The custom rules, among others should not be photographed in the area Baduy Dalam, do not use soap or toothpaste in the river. However, the region Kanekes remain off limits to foreigners (non-citizen). Several foreign journalists who tried to enter until now always refused entry.

At the time of work in the field is not too much, too happy wandering Bedouins into big cities around the region on condition that they have to walk. In general, they go in a small group consisting of 3 to 5 people, a visit to the house of an acquaintance who had come to the Bedouin while selling honey and handicrafts. During the visit they usually get extra money to make ends meet.
Thank you for reading this article. written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.dynastyc.blogspot.com/2014/11/about-baduy.html
DatePublished: November 24, 2014 at 16:39

Tag : Baduy.

Know Asmat.

Speaking of Asmat tribe certainly is already quite familiar to Indonesian society or maybe still, some have not been aware tribe located in Irian Jaya or West Papua.
Papua is the largest province of Indonesia located in the central part of the island of Papua or the eastern part of West New Guinea (Irian Jaya). Eastern parts of the country Papua New Guinea or East New Guinea.

Asmat were among the tribe Mappi, Yohukimo and Jayawijaya between various tribes in New Guinea. As with other tribes residing in this region, there Asmat tribe who live in the coastal areas with the distance of 100 km to 300 km, even Asmat are located in the countryside, surrounded by heterogeneous forests containing rattan plants, wood (aloes) and tubers with travel time for 1 day 2 night to reach the residential areas with each other. While the distance between the sub-district village about 70 km. With such geographical conditions, then walking is the only way to reach a settlement with the other regions.

Asmat itself known with a unique wood carvings result, this tribe has a distinctive statue of the Statue Asmat. Asmat tribe is one of so many terms that are in Indonesia which is unique in a variety of viewpoints. This modern era they still maintain customs and beliefs they believe.

Asmat tribe originated from clumps Polonesia with the physical characteristics of dark skin color and
black curly hair, round eyelids, nose and boned strapping. Like the other tribes in Papua Asmat have a chief or village headman, who is usually chosen by the people of the tribe itself and comes from the oldest tribe, clan which is considered old or even be removed from a person considered a boon to them, such as winning the war. In the Asmat tribe if a chief or head of customs died no one called the inheritance of the throne of leadership as known in the royal tradition.

Asmat population is divided into two, namely those living in coastal areas and those living in the hinterland. Both of these populations differ from each other in terms of a way of life, social structures and rituals. Coastal population further divided into two parts namely Bisman tribe located between the river and the river nin Sinesty and Shimei tribe.

Livelihood Asmat between coastal and inland definitely inland Asmat clearly different in the habit of daily subsistence hunting forest animals such as snakes, cassowaries, birds, wild boar etc. They also always concocting / tapping sago as a staple food while Asmat tribe living on the coast will usually be a fisherman to catch fish and shrimp as a livelihood.

Asmat people daily work in its environment, especially for foraging, by hunting, gardening, and fishing, which still uses traditional methods and simple enough. Cuisine Asmat unlike today's cuisine in general. Special dishes for them is sago. But everyday they just grilling fish or meat of animals hunted.

In the life of the Asmat "rock" that we usually see on the streets turned out to be very valuable for them. In fact, the stones can be used as a dowry. All of that is because the Asmat tribe dwelling forming marshes that are very difficult to find stones street which is very useful for them to make axes, hammers, and so on.

Asmat has a very simple way to apply themselves.
They only need the red soil to produce a red color.
To produce their white color made of shells that have been crushed, while their black markings produced from pulverized charcoal. How to use is quite simple, just by mixing it with a little water, the dye can be used to color the body.

Asmat is famous for its art ukirnya. For Asmat own carving can be a liaison between the present-day life with the life of the ancestors. In each dwelling carved image and appreciation for their ancestors were loaded with oversized Asmat.

Sculpture and carving generally they created without a sketch. For Asmat when sculpture is the moment in which they communicate with ancestors in another world. That's possible because they know the three concepts of the world: Highly ow capinmi (natural life now), Dampu ow campinmi (natural stopover dead spirits), and Safar (heaven).

In addition to special cultural owned Asmat turns out there is a lot of disagreement among the Asmat village. The most terrible is used Asmat way to kill enemies. When an enemy is killed, his body will be brought to the village, then cut and distributed to the entire population to eat together - together then they will sing a song of death and beheaded him, his brain wrapped baked sago leaves and then eaten. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.dynastyc.blogspot.com/2014/11/know-asmat.html
DatePublished: November 24, 2014 at 15:50

Tag : Asmat.

Papua Dani tribe culture.

Papua is the largest province of Indonesia located in the central part of the island of Papua or the eastern part of West New Guinea, Irian Jaya. Eastern parts of the country Papua New Guinea or East New Guinea. Papua does have its own charms and exotic. Besides having an incredible sight to spoil the eye, most tip of Indonesia's provinces have a variety of cultures.
And endemic bird charm Papua ie Paradise and the uniqueness of the tribe who live in it. One of them including the Dani who inhabit a region in Baliem Valley, Wamena, Papua.

Know Culture Dani Papua.

Although many people refer to them as Dani, but the Dani himself referred to them as Parim Tribe. Dani tribe or tribe Parim includes tribes who still adhere to their beliefs. One is always salute the people who have died. This is done by holding a ceremony and slaughter pigs.

Dani is also one tribe in Papua are still wearing Koteka made of yellow Kunden. The women were still wearing wah epithet derived from grass fibers and stay in Honai-Honai a hut thatched with straw or reeds.

Some communities Dani had embraced Christianity, due to the influence of European missionaries who had come to the site around 1935. Nevertheless Dani still have traditional beliefs, better known by the concept called Atou who believed that all supernatural powers possessed by the ancestors of the tribe Dani given for generations to men. These include magic magic maintain the garden, treat or cure disease magic at once to avoid, as well as the power to give life to the land used to grow crops. Dani also has a symbol that they called Kaneka. The symbol is used when the religious ceremony that tradition.

Although Dani tribe living in the forests with a tropical climate that is very rich in flora and fauna of Papua is still doing a series of ceremonies, one of which is Rekwasi. Rekwasi is a traditional ceremony performed in honor of the ancestors. In Rekwasi, the soldiers will usually make tanfa with lard, shells, feathers, kus-kus, sago adhesion, mango tree sap, and flowers in their body parts. When performing this ceremony, the participants also equip themselves with traditional weapons such as spears, axes, machetes, and also bow and arrows.

Trust Dani embracing concept called Atou. That is the magic that is all owned by the ancestors Dani hereditary given to men. According to Dani culture, among other types of magic is magic in order to have the power to keep the gardens, magic to be able to treat or cure diseases as well avoid it and the power to give life to the land used to grow crops.

To pay homage to the ancestors, Dani create their own emblem for called by Kaneka. Kaneka This function is used or displayed while being held tradition of religious ceremonies to make all members of society can prosper as well as a symbol when it will start and end the war.

Family Relationships Dani.

Dani culture in living relationship between people using the system are divided into three types of levels of kinship, namely:
Relationships between Dani which there are several groups ukul. This relationship is named ukul ukul oak or large.
Territorial relations, namely the unity of the smallest territorial Dani. It is a combination of large ukul named uma. The group is always led by men laki. The group is always led by men.

Choosing leader Dani.

To always live in harmony and peace to uphold the spirit of togetherness, the Dani make some kind of kinship is the smallest. Includes a collection consisting of two to three families living together in a complex that is covered with fence. This system is called ukul or small clan. organization headed by chieftains.
He was elected hereditary and got a call Ap Cain. To carry out its duties, Ap Cloth assisted by three other chiefs under his position. They have earned the nickname Menteg Ap, Ap and Ap Horeg Ubaik. Their job is to take care of lawn care and animal pigs. It also mediates at once judge when there is a dispute among the Dani.
Although selected through descent, was elected chairman of the tribe who still must meet various requirements. Among others, is to have a high knowledge of the science of agriculture, friendly and humble, skilled hunting, have the guts high, can communicate well and have a high courage to make war when there is a problem with the other tribes.
There are still many unique traditions of heritage stored in Dani are very well maintained by its citizens. They believe that respect for the ancestors and the ancestors is a great way to appreciate the nature and content. Thank you for reading this tilisan. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.dynastyc.blogspot.com/2014/11/papua-dani-tribe-culture.html
DatePublished: November 24, 2014 at 13:05

Tag : Papua Dani tribe culture.

Dayak presence in Indonesia.

Dayak tribe, is very phenomenal rate that is in the country of Indonesia, as well known with magical powers, said the Dayak derived from the word "Power" which means upstream, to mention the people who live in rural or upstream Kalimantan and West Kalimantan generally.

Origins of Existence Dayak. 

In the years (1977-1978) at the time, the Asian continent and the island of Borneo, which is part of the archipelago are still together, which allows the Mongoloid race of wandering through mainland Asia and reached by crossing the mountains of Borneo which is now called the mountains "Muller-Schwaner". Dayak tribes of Borneo is a true resident. But after the Malays of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula came, they increasingly retreat into.

Not to mention the arrival of the Bugis, Makasar, and Java in the heyday of the Majapahit Kingdom. Dayak tribes living scattered all over Kalimantan in long span of time, they have to spread trace streams to downstream and then inhabit the coast of the island of Borneo. This tribe consists of several parts, each of which has different properties and behavior.

Dayak never build an empire. In the oral tradition of the Dayak, often called "Usak Nansarunai Java", which was destroyed by Nansarunai Dayak kingdom of Majapahit, which is expected to occur between the years 1309-1389. This incident resulted in recessive Dayak and scattered, mostly inland. The next big flow occurs during the Islamic kingdom of Demak influence came with the entry of Malay traders (circa 1608).

Most of the Dayak tribe embraced Islam and no longer recognizes him as the Dayaks, but describes himself as a Malay or Banjar. While the Dayak people who reject Islam back down the river, into the hinterland of Central Kalimantan, live in areas of Tangi Wood, Amuntai, Margasari, Watang Amandit, Labuan and Lawas Watang Balangan. Sebagain constantly pressed again enter the jungle. Muslims Dayaks are mostly located in South Kalimantan and partly Kotawaringin, one of the famous Sultan of the Sultanate of Banjar is Gastric Mangkurat actually a Dayak (Ma'anyan or Ot Danum)

Not only of the archipelago, other nations also came to Borneo. Chinese nation is expected to start coming to Borneo during the Ming Dynasty in 1368-1643. From manuscript lettered kanji mentioned that the city's first visit is Banjarmasin. But it remains unclear whether Chinese people come to the era Bajarmasin (under the hegemony of Majapahit) or in the Islamic era.

China does not lead to the arrival of the Dayak population displacement and does not have a direct effect because it directly because they only trade, especially with the kingdom of Banjar Banjarmasin. They are not directly related to trade Dayaks. The remains of the Chinese nation is still kept by some Dayak tribes like malawen dishes, pots (jars) and ceramic equipment.

Since the beginning of the V century, the Chinese nation has arrived in Borneo. In the fifteenth century King Yung Lo sent a large army to the south (including the archipelago) under the leadership of Chang Ho, and returned to China in 1407, having previously stopped to Java, Borneo, Malacca, Manila and Solok. In 1750, Sultan Mempawah accept Chinese people (from Brunei) who were looking for gold. Chinese people are also carrying merchandise including opium, silk, glassware such as plates, cups, bowls and jars.

Here are some of the customs of the Dayak tribes who still preserved until today, and Dayak supernatural world in ancient times and today that is still strong today. This custom is one of the cultural property owned by the Indonesian people, because at the beginning of the Dayak originated from the interior of Borneo.

Tiwah ceremony. 

Tiwah ceremony is a custom event Dayak. Tiwah a delivery ceremony held for the bones of the deceased to the brisket that has been made​​. Brisket is a sort of a small house that is made specifically for those who had died.

Tiwah for Dayak ceremony is sacred, in the event this Tiwah before the bones of the dead are in between and put into place (stumbling), many rituals, dance, sound of gongs and other entertainment. Until the end of these bones in place in place (brisket).

Supernatural world. 

Supernatural world to the Dayaks had been since the first is typical of Dayak culture. Because of this supernatural overseas there are also people calling Dayak as a man eater (cannibals). But in fact the Dayak are very peace-loving tribe that they are not disturbed and suppressed arbitrarily. Borneo Dayak supernatural powers of many kinds, for example Manajah Antang. Manajah Antang Dayak is a way to search for clues as to look for the presence of an enemy that is difficult to find the ancestors of birds Antang media, where the enemy is in the search will be found.

Red bowl. 

Red is a medium bowl Dayak unity. Circulating red bowl if the Dayaks feel their sovereignty in great danger. "Commander" or often called Dayak Pangkalima cues typically issued in the form of standby or war red bowl circulated from village to village as fast. From the appearance of many everyday people do not know who the commander of the Dayak. Ordinary person, only that he has tremendous supernatural powers. Believe it or not it has a scientific commander can fly immune from anything such as bullets, sharp weapons and so on.

Red bowl is not haphazardly distributed. Circulated before the commander must create custom event to know when the right time to start a war. In the event that the indigenous spirits of the ancestors will permeate the body and if pangkalima pangkalima the Air "Tariu" (calling for the ancestral spirits for help and declare war), the Dayak people who hear it will also have the power as commander. Usually people who get sick or unstable soul crazy when they hear tariu.

People who already possessed by the spirits of the ancestors will be human and not. So usually blood, liver victims were killed to be eaten. If not in a war never eat human Dayaks. Head decapitated, skinned and stored for ceremonial purposes. Drinking the blood and eating the heart, then magical powers will increase. The more enemies killed then that person is more powerful.

Red bowl made ​​from bamboo terrace (some say made ​​of clay) which is designed in a circular shape made ​​immediately. To accompany this bowl also provided other supplies such as red potatoes calamus (Acorus Calamus), which symbolizes the courage (some say could be replaced with yellow rice), red chicken feathers to fly, lights the torch of bamboo for torches (some say could be replaced with a piece of matches), sago palm leaves (Metroxylon sagus) for shelter and rope knot of skin kepuak as a symbol of unity. Equipment was packed in a bowl of bamboo and covered with a red cloth.

According to the story hereditary red bowl first circulated when the war against Japan first. Then happened again when the expulsion of the Chinese from these areas in 1967 Dayak Dayak expulsion of the Chinese people instead of inter-ethnic war but more political burden. For the time being Indonesian confrontation with Malaysia.

According to Dayak beliefs, especially those in the interior of Borneo are passed from mouth to mouth, from grandmother to father, from father to son, until now unwritten lead to more or less than the truth, that the origins of Dayak ancestors was derived from the seventh heaven to this world with "Palangka boelau" (Palangka means pure, clean, a shelf, a stretcher holy, holy axle of gold derived from the sky, often also mentioned "rack or Kalangkang").
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com 
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno. 
http://www.dynastyc.blogspot.com/2014/10/dayak-presence-in-indonesia.html
DatePublished: October 13, 2014 at 16:30

Tag : Dayak presence in Indonesia. 

Dayak

Dayak or Power (old spelling: Dajak or Dyak) is the name of the coastal population of the island of Borneo was given to the residents who inhabit the interior of the island of Borneo (Brunei, Malaysia of Sabah and Sarawak, and Indonesia, which consists of West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Borneo Central, and South Kalimantan). There are 5 or 7 indigenous tribes of Borneo, namely Malay, Dayak, Banjar, Kutai, Paser, Berau and Tidung According to the Central Statistic Agency of the Republic of Indonesia in 2010, tribes located in Kalimantan, Indonesia grouped into three tribes Banjar, Dayak of Indonesia (268 tribes) and other parts of Kalimantan (non Dayak and non Banjar). In the past, the Dayak culture is maritime or nautical culture. Almost all of the proper name of the Dayaks have meaning as something related to "perhuluan" or river, especially in the grove and the names of family names.
There is divide the Dayaks in clump the clumps six Klemantan aka Borneo, Iban clump, clump Apokayan the Dayak Kayan, Kenyah and Bahau, Murut clump, clump-Ngaju Ot Danum and clumps Punan. But scientifically, linguists see 5 groups of languages ​​spoken on the island of Borneo, and each one has relatives outside the island of Borneo:
"Barito Raya (33 languages​​, including 11 languages ​​of Madagascar language groups, and Sama-Bajau tribe stands including one with the name of the tribe Paser his own tribe.
"Land Dayak" (13 languages​​)
"North Borneo" (99 languages​​), including language in the Philippines and the Yakan tribe standing with his own tribe name of the tribe Tidung.
"South Sulawesi" spoken 3 inland Dayak in West Kalimantan: Dayak Park, Embaloh Dayak, Dayak Dayak Banuaka Kalis called clumps.
"Malayic" spoken: Dayak Meratus / Mount (aka Banjar arkhais), Dayak Iban (and Saq Senganan), Dayak Keninjal, Bamayoh Dayak (Dayak Malayic), Dayak Kendayan (Kanayatn). Some of mannered Malay tribes of Borneo origin associated with this clump as tribes, namely stand-alone Banjar tribe, tribe Kutai, Berau Tribe, Sambas Tribe, and the Tribe Kedayan.

Etymology. 

Barito Dayak Muslim community that are recognized as tribes in the Barito river Bakumpai past.
The term "Dayak" most commonly used to refer to the original non-Muslim, non-Malay who live on the island. This is especially true in Malaysia, because in Indonesia there are Dayak tribes are Muslim but still belong to the category called Dayak, although some of them with Tribe Tribe Banjar and Kutai. There are various explanations about the etymology of this term. According to Lindblad, Dayak word is derived from the power of the Kenyah language, which means upstream or inland river. King, further speculate that the Dayak probably also derived from the word aja, a Malay word meaning native or indigenous. He also believes that the word may derive from a term of Central Java language that means behavior that is not appropriate or is not in place.
The term for the native tribes near Sambas and Pontianak is Power (Kanayatn: the power = the ground), while in Banjarmasin called Biaju (bi = from; aju = upstream). Thus originally the term Power (the land) is intended for the natives of West Kalimantan clumps hereinafter called Dayak Bidayuh Land Dayak are distinguished by the Sea (clumps Iban). In Banjarmasin, the term Dayak started to be used in agreement with the Sultan of Banjar Dutch East Indies in 1826, to replace the term Biaju Large (Kahayan river area) and Small Biaju (the river Kapuas Joyless), each of which was changed to Dayak Dayak Large and Small, then by the Dutch colonial only two regions is then administratively called Land Dayak. Since the time that the term Dayak is also intended to Ngaju-Ot Danum clump or clumps Barito. Furthermore, the term "Dayak" is used to refer collectively extends to the native tribes of different local languages​​, especially non-Muslims or non-Malays. At the end of the 19th century (after the Peace tumbles Anoi) is used in the context of the term Dayak population colonial rulers who took over the sovereignty of the tribes living in the hinterlands of Borneo.
According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Section Assessment and Development Project Cultural Values ​​in East Kalimantan, Dr. Kaderland August, a Dutch scientist, is the first person to use the term Dayak in the definition above in 1895.
The meaning of the word 'Dayak' itself is debatable. Commans (1987), for example, writes that according to some authors, 'Dayak' means man, while other authors claim that the word means inland. Commans said that the most proper sense is people who live in the upper reaches of the river. With the same name, Lahajir et al. reported that people use the term Dayak Iban with a human sense, while people Benuaq Alas and interpret it as a river upstream. They also stated that some people claim that the term Dayak refers to certain personal characteristics that are recognized by the people of Borneo, which is strong, brave, courageous and tenacious. Lahajir et al. noted that there are at least four terms to the original penuduk Borneo in the literature, namely Power ', Dyak, Power, and Dayak. The natives themselves are generally not familiar with these terms, but those outside the scope they were referred to them as 'Dayak'.

The origin. 

In general, most of the population of the archipelago is the speakers. Currently dominant theory is proposed linguists such as Peter Bellwood and Blust, namely that the place of origin is Taiwan's Austronesian languages​​. Approximately 4000 years ago, a group of Austronesian people began migrating to the Philippines. Approximately 500 years later, there is a group who began migrating south to the islands of Indonesia now, and to the east towards the Pacific. 

But this is not the first occupants Austronesian island. Between 60 000 and 70 000 years ago, when sea level 120 or 150 meters lower than today and the Indonesian island of land (geologists call this land "Sunda"), humans had migrated from Asia to the south and had reached the Australian continent who was not too far away from the mainland of Asia. 

From the mountains that major rivers come over Borneo. It is estimated that, in the long span of time, they have spread down the river-stream to downstream and then inhabit the coast of the island of Borneo. It turned Tahtum tell Dayak Ngaju migration from the rivers perhuluan heading downstream rivers. 

In the southern region of Kalimantan Dayak never build an empire. In the oral tradition of the Dayak in the area often referred to Nansarunai Usak Java, the kingdom of Dayak Maanyan Nansarunai destroyed by Majapahit, which is expected to occur between the years 1309-1389. The incident resulted Dayak Maanyan pressed and dispersed, partly into inland Dayak territory Lawangan. The next big flow occurs during the Islamic influence from the kingdom of Demak with the entry of Malay traders (circa 1520). 

Most of the Dayak tribes in the south and east Kalimantan who embraced Islam out of the Dayak tribe and no longer recognizes him as the Dayaks, but calls himself the tribe or people of Banjar and Kutai. While the Dayak people who reject Islam back down the river, into the interior, settled in areas Tangi Wood, Amuntai, Margasari, Amandit Trunk, Trunk Trunk Labuan Amas and Balangan. Some are constantly pressed for entering the jungle. Muslims Dayaks are mostly located in South Kalimantan and partly Kotawaringin, one of the leaders of the famous Hindu Banjar is Gastric Mangkurat according to the Dayak is a Dayak (Ma'anyan or Ot Danum). In East Kalimantan, the Tribe Tonyoy-Benuaq who embraced Islam calls itself a tribe Kutai. Not only of the archipelago, other nations also came to Borneo. Chinese people began to come to Borneo recorded in the Ming Dynasty recorded in Book 323 History of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1643). Hanzi lettered manuscript mentioned that the city was first visited Banjarmasin and mentioned that a bloody Prince Sultan Hidayatullah Biaju be a substitute for the first. The visit to the Sultan Hidayatullah I and his successor, Sultan Mustain Billah. Hikayat Banjar preach visit but not settled by Chinese traders and European nations jung (called Walanda) in South Kalimantan has occurred during the Hindu kingdom of Banjar (XIV century). Chinese merchants began to settle in the city of Banjarmasin at a place near the beach in 1736. 

The arrival of the Chinese in southern Borneo Dayak does not result in displacement of residents and do not have a direct effect because they only trade, especially with the kingdom of Banjar Banjarmasin. They are not directly berniaga the Dayaks. Remains of the Chinese nation is still kept by some Dayak tribes like malawen plates, pots (jars) and ceramic equipment. 

Since the beginning of the V century, the Chinese nation has arrived in Borneo. In the XV century, the Yongle Emperor sent a large army to the south (including the archipelago) under the leadership of Zheng He, and returned to China in 1407, having previously stopped to Java, Borneo, Malacca, Manila and Solok. In 1750, Sultan Mempawah accept Chinese people (from Brunei) who were looking for gold. Chinese people are also carrying merchandise including opium, silk, glassware such as plates, cups, bowls and jars. 

Sub-ethnic division. 

Distribution of the Dayak tribes in Borneo. 

Due to the strong migration flows from the newcomers, who still retain Dayak indigenous culture eventually chose to go into the interior. As a result, the Dayak became scattered and become its own sub-sub ethnicities. 

Dayak groups, divided into sub-sub-tribe of approximately 405 sub numbers (according to Lontaan JU, 1975). Each sub tribe Dayak in Borneo have customs and cultures are similar, refer to the sociology of community service and differences in customs, culture, or language typical. Past society which is now called the Dayak tribe, inhabiting the coastal areas and rivers in each of their settlements. 

Dayak Borneo according to an anthropology JU Lontaan, 1975 in book Customary Law and Customs of West Kalimantan, consists of 6 major tribes and 405 sub-tribe of small, which spread throughout the province.

Dayak today. 

Kanayatn Dayak traditions. 

Today Dayak tribes are divided into six large clumps, namely: Apokayan (Kenyah-Kayan-Bahau), Ot Danum-Ngaju, Iban, Murut, Klemantan and Punan. Clumps Dayak Dayak Punan is the oldest inhabited the island of Borneo, Dayak clumps while others are the result of assimilation between the clumps and groups of Dayak Poenans Proto Malay (Dayak ancestors who came from Yunnan). Sixth clump was subdivided into approximately 405 sub-ethnic. Although divided into hundreds of sub-ethnic groups, all ethnic Dayak have a common cultural traits typical. These characteristics be the deciding factor whether a subsuku in Borneo can be incorporated into the Dayak groups or not. These characteristics are the long house, the result of material culture such as pottery, saber, chopsticks, beliong (ax Dayak), views of nature, livelihood (farming system), and the art of dance. Ot Danum Dayak village clump-Ngaju usually called Lewu / Lebu and the other Dayak often called banua / continent / binua / benuo. In sub-districts in Kalimantan Dayak territory which is headed by a Chief who led the Indigenous Dayak one or two different. 

Prof. Lambut of the University of Gastric Mangkurat, (Ngaju Dayak) rejected the notion derived from the Dayak tribe of origin, but only a collective designation of various ethnic elements, according to the "racial", the Dayak people can be grouped into: 

Dayak Mongoloid, 

Malayunoid, 

Autrolo-Melanosoid, 

Dayak Heteronoid. 

However, in the international scientific world, terms like "race Australoid", "Mongoloid races and in general" race "is no longer considered to be meaningful for the classification of humans because of the complex factors that make the existence of human groups. 

Burial traditions. 

Crate buried in Kutai. The photo is a photo Benuaq grave in Kutai. Crate in question is Selokng (placed in Garai). This is a primary burial - where the body through the Ceremony / Ritual Kenyauw. While the door (visible piece) is Tempelaq which is where the bones of the dead through the Ceremony / Ritual Kwangkay. 

The tradition of burial and ceremonial death in Dayak tribes set firmly in customary law. Diverse burial system in line with the long history of human arrival in Borneo. Historically there are three burial culture in Borneo: 

burial without a container and without provisions, with skeleton folded position. 

burial in a stone coffin (dolmen) 

burial with container wood, bamboo, or woven mats. This is the last burial system develops. 

According to tradition Benuaq both places and burial forms are distinguished: 

container (crate) corpse -> not a coffin: Lungun, selokng and box 

bone-container beluang: tempelaaq (Poster 2) and kererekng (Poster 1) as well as jars. 

based on the placement of the container (cemetery) Benuaq Tribe: 

lubekng (where Lungun) 

Garai (Lungun place, selokang) 

gur (Lungun) 

tempelaaq and kererekng 

In general, there are two stages of burial: 

burial of the first stage (primary) 

burial of the second stage (secondary). 

Primary burial. 

Parepm Fire (Benuaq) 

Kenyauw (Benuaq) 

Secondary burial. 

Secondary burials are no longer conducted in a cave. In the upper Bahau River and its branches in the District Pujungan, Malinau, East Kalimantan, found many graves jars which are relics of megalithic dolmen. Recent developments, using coffin burial (Lungun) were placed on top of a pole or in a small building with a position in the direction of the sunrise. 

The Dayaks Ngaju burial recognize three ways, namely: 

buried in the soil 

placed in a large tree 

cremated in a ceremony Tiwah. 

Secondary burial procession. 

Tiwah is a secondary burial procession on Kaharingan adherents, as a symbol of the release of the spirits towards Lewu tatau (permanence of nature) conducted a year or several years after the first burial in the ground. 

Ijambe is a secondary burial procession on Dayak Maanyan. Rawhide is burned to ashes and placed in a container. 

Marabia 

Mambatur (Dayak Maanyan) 

Kwangkai / Wara (Benuaq)

Religion. 

Society Ngaju clumps and clumps Dayak Dayak Ot Danum ancestral religion that is named by Tjilik Riwut as Kaharingan religion that has a typical of burning the bones in the burial ritual. While the original clump Dayak religion does not recognize Banuaka bone burning corpse. Even the Dayak ancestral religion in South Kalimantan Meratus more stressed in life mainly ceremonial rituals / rites agriculture and harvest feast which is often named as Balian religion. 

Religions indigenous Dayak tribes now more and more abandoned. Since the first century AD, Hinduism began to enter the Great Temple of Borneo with the discovery of a relic of Hindu religion in Amuntai, South Kalimantan, then stood kingdoms Hindu-Buddhist. Since the 4th century Borneo society entered the era of history marked by the discovery of inscriptions relics of the Hindu Kingdom of Kutai in East Kalimantan. 

The discovery of Buddha statues which are relics of the ancient kingdom of Brunei Darussalam, the Kingdom Sribangun (The City Build, aquatic mammal) [56] and the Kingdom Wijayapura. This shows the influence of the rise of Hindu-Buddhist religious law and cultural assimilation with India that marks the emergence of the first multi-ethnic society in Borneo. 

Sandai Tombstone discovery shows the spread of Islam in Kalimantan since the 7th century reached its peak in the early 16th century, society kingdoms converted to Hindu-Muslims which marks the extinction of Hinduism and Buddhism in Borneo. Since it began emerging customary law and Banjar Malay majority is influenced by the Islamic religious law (such as food culture, cultural dress, culture purification), but generally the Dayaks in the hinterland remained true to the traditional law / trust Kaharingan. 

Most of the Dayak people who previously chose Christianity religion Kaharingan now, but less than 10% is still maintain Kaharingan religion. Kaharingan religion itself has been incorporated into the Hindu religious groups (read: Hindu Bali) that gets called Hinduism Kaharingan. But there is also a small part of the Dayak people are now converting their religion from religion Kaharingan into Buddhism (Buddha Chinese version), which at first appears because of the marriage between tribes with ethnic Chinese Buddhists, then further propagated by the Monk widespread among the Dayak community, for example there the Dayak people who live in Halong districts in South Kalimantan. 

In West Kalimantan, claimed Christianity as the religion of the Dayaks (so that the Muslim West Kalimantan Dayak Dayak Customary Council was forced to form a separate Muslim), but this is not true in other provinces because too many Dayaks who converted to Islam but still called himself a Dayak. 

In the area of ​​the township-village Dayak religion still valid Kaharingan Dayak customary law. Coastal areas in Borneo and the centers of the Islamic empire, its people subject to customary law Banjar / Malay as Banjarese, Malay-Senganan, Kedayan, Bakumpai, Kutai, Paser, Berau, Tidung, and Bulungan. Even in the area of ​​the township-village is very old Dayak who has been in a strong influence of Christianity may not apply customary law Dayak / Kaharingan. In the colonial period, the Bumiputera Christians and Christian Dayaks in urban equated with the European position and subject to the law of the European group. Later the spread of Christianity was able to reach areas Dayak located very far inland that Christianity embraced by almost all residents inland and claimed to be the religion of the Dayaks. 

If we look at the history of the island of Borneo from scratch. The people of Srivijaya, the first Malay migration to Borneo. Hanafi Muslim Hui ethnic Chinese settled in Sambas since 1407, due to the Ming Dynasty, airports Sambas became a transit port in the travel lane of Champa to Maynila, Kiu Kieng (Palembang) and to Majapahit. Many officials of the Ming Dynasty is the Hui Muslims who have knowledge of foreign languages ​​such as Arabic. Reports of Chinese merchants in the Ming Dynasty who visited Banjarmasin in the early 16th century they were very worried about the cutting action is done head Biaju people when traders were asleep on board. Christian clergy and the European explorers who settled not have come in Kalimantan in the 14th century and increasingly prominent in the early 17th century with the arrival of European traders. Efforts to spread Christianity always fail, because basically at that time the Dayak community to uphold ancestral beliefs (Kaharingan) and suspicious of strangers, strangers often killed. Coastal residents are also very sensitive to strangers for fear of pirate attacks and foreign kingdom from outside the island who want to colonize them. The destruction of the palace in Kuin Banjar in 1612 by the Dutch VOC and Mataram attacks on Sukadana in 1622 and the potential influence of Makassar attack kingdoms in Borneo. Around the year 1787, the Netherlands received a majority of the Sultanate of Banjar Kalimantan and Banten. Approximately 1835 Christian missionaries then began to indulge freely in areas adjacent to the Netherlands East Indies with the state of the Sultanate of Banjar. On June 26, 1835, Barnstein, the first evangelist arrived in Borneo Banjarmasin and began to spread Christianity to the hinterland of Central Kalimantan. Dutch local government even hinder missionary efforts. 

Conflict. 

Involvement. 

Dayak (a collective term for the indigenous people of Borneo) have experienced an increase in inter-ethnic conflict. In early 1997 and later in 1999, the brutal clashes between Dayaks and Madurese in West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. The culmination of this occurred in the Sampit conflict in 2001 These conflicts may then become a topic of discussion in the newspapers in Indonesia. Throughout the conflict in 1997, a large number of residents (both Dayak and Madurese) died. Appearing various official estimates on the death toll, ranging from 300 to 4,000 people according to independent sources. In 1999, the Dayaks, along with groups of Malay and Chinese combat Madurese migrants; 114 people were killed. According to a Dayak community leaders, the recent conflict was initially not among the Dayaks and Madurese, but between the Malays and Madurese. Despite the fact that there are only a few Dayaks are involved, but the mass media exaggerate Dayak involvement. Partly because the Malays were involved using symbols Dayak culture during the riots. 

Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com 

author: 

http://schema.org/Personal. 

https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941. 

name: Bambang Sunarno. 

http://www.dynastyc.blogspot.com/2014/10/dayak.html 

DatePublished: October 13, 2014 at 15:34

Tag : Dayak.